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I'm doing a school project of space exploration in the past, present and future, and I can't find any good information on how space exploration was viewed in the 19th century (1800's). Any books, articles, or websites (reliable ones) that you could tell me about would be very helpful.
Answer
Well!!!!!!!!!
I could not guess whether you meant Space Exploration or Astronomical Exploration. I am listing both.
A. Space Exploration:
Rocketry was framed in this time line.
# 1801 AD - Rocket experiments carried out by the scientist, Congreve. He had originally adapted the idea from Indian rockets.
#1806 AD - First major rocket bombardment done (on Boulogne, using Congreve rockets)
#1806AD - Claude Ruggiere launched small animals in rockets equipped with parachutes, in France.
#1813 AD - The British mathematician William Moore publishes Treatise on the Motion of Rockets. This work features the first exposition of rocket mechanics based on Newton's third law of motion.
#1826 AD - Congreve performs further rocket experiments using stage rockets (rockets mounted on rockets) as set out by Von Schmidlap
#1895 - Konstantin Tsiolkovsky publishes his first article on the possibility of space flight. His greatest discovery is that a rocket, unlike other forms of propulsion, will work in a vacuum. He also outlines the principle of a multistage launch vehicle.
Notable Scientists:
1. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
2. William Congreve
3. William Moore
B. Astronomical Exploration:
The 19th century saw astronomy applying developments in maths, physics, chemistry and geology to understand the make up of these bodies and the origins of the Universe. Astronomers were now interested in finding out exactly what a star, comet, or planet consisted of and how each was formed.
Here are few milestones in 19th century:
# 1800: William Herschel discovers invisible infrared and lays the foundations of spectroscopy.
# 1801:
* Thomas Young publishes proof of the principle of interference of light, supporting the wave theory of light.
* The first asteroid is discovered when Giuseppe Piazzi identifies Ceres on January 1, 1801.
* William Herschel shows many double stars are binaries.
* Lalande's Bibliographie astronomiquecatalogs the positions of 47,000 stars
# 1802:
* Wollaston observes dark lines in the solar spectrum
* Discovery of asteroid Pallas
# 1803:
* Hershel shows that Castor is a binary star
* Meteorite shower at l'Aigle convinces scientists that meteorites have an extraterrestrial origin.
# 1804: Discovery of asteroid Juno
# 1807 : Discovery of asteroid Vesta
# 1809 :
* Gauss, Theoria motus corporum coelestium
* French amateur astronomer Honore Flaugergues (1755-1835) observes the yellow dust clouds on Mars
# 1814: Frauenhofer begins his study of the solar spectrum
# 1820: The Royal Astronomical Society is founded.
# 1823: Frauenhofer observes the spectra of fixed stars
# 1826: Heinrich Olbers formulates "Olber's paradox"
# 1830: John Herschel invents the astrometer
# 1833: Denison Olmstead discovers shower meteors come from a common point in the sky.
# 1835: Gaspar de Coriolis discovers Coriolis effect.
# 1837: h Carinae brightens to become second brightest star.
# 1838: Friedrich Bessel makes the first measurement of the distance of a star from the Earth, calculating the distance of 61 Cygni to be approximately 6 light years away; the true value is later calculated as approximately 12 light years.
# 1839: Henderson measures the parallax of Alpha Centauri
# 1840:
* John Draper makes the first daguerreotype image of the Moon.
* German astronomers Wilhelm Beer and Johann von Madler produce a detailed map of Mars. The map establishes a Martian longitude and latitude system similar to Earth's. Beer and Madler also determine the rotational rate of Mars to be 24 hours, 37 minutes, 22.6 seconds.
# 1842: Christian Johann Doppler explains the apparent shift in frequency of sounds emitted by objects moving toward or away from an observer. (Doppler Effect)
# 1843: Samuel Heinrich Schwabe (Germany) describes the sunspot cycle.
# 1845:
* Henke begins his discoveries of the asteroids
* Adams predicts the position of Neptune
* Irish astronomer William Parsons discovers the spiral structure of the Whirlpool Galaxy.
* French physicists Jean Foucault and Armand Fizeau take the first detailed photographs of the Sun's surface through a telescope
# 1846:
* Leverrier independently predicts the position of Neptune
* The 8th planet, Neptune, is discovered by Johann Galle.
# 1849: The first US astronomical publication is instigated: the Astronomical Journal.
# 1850: William Bond takes the first photographic image of a star (Vega).
# 1851: Jean Foucault uses pendulum to demonstrate Earth rotates.
# 1859:
* Kirchoff and Bunsen develop spectral analysis
* Pogson devises the magnitude scale
* Argelander begins publishing the Bonner Durchmusterung
* James Clerk Maxwell discovers velocity distribution function for a gas.
# 1860: The beginning of spectral analysis of stars by Sir William Huggins
# 1861: Zollner invents the modern photometer
# 1862:
* William Huggins identifies chemical elements in stars.
* Dutch astronomer Frederik Kaiser (1
Well!!!!!!!!!
I could not guess whether you meant Space Exploration or Astronomical Exploration. I am listing both.
A. Space Exploration:
Rocketry was framed in this time line.
# 1801 AD - Rocket experiments carried out by the scientist, Congreve. He had originally adapted the idea from Indian rockets.
#1806 AD - First major rocket bombardment done (on Boulogne, using Congreve rockets)
#1806AD - Claude Ruggiere launched small animals in rockets equipped with parachutes, in France.
#1813 AD - The British mathematician William Moore publishes Treatise on the Motion of Rockets. This work features the first exposition of rocket mechanics based on Newton's third law of motion.
#1826 AD - Congreve performs further rocket experiments using stage rockets (rockets mounted on rockets) as set out by Von Schmidlap
#1895 - Konstantin Tsiolkovsky publishes his first article on the possibility of space flight. His greatest discovery is that a rocket, unlike other forms of propulsion, will work in a vacuum. He also outlines the principle of a multistage launch vehicle.
Notable Scientists:
1. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
2. William Congreve
3. William Moore
B. Astronomical Exploration:
The 19th century saw astronomy applying developments in maths, physics, chemistry and geology to understand the make up of these bodies and the origins of the Universe. Astronomers were now interested in finding out exactly what a star, comet, or planet consisted of and how each was formed.
Here are few milestones in 19th century:
# 1800: William Herschel discovers invisible infrared and lays the foundations of spectroscopy.
# 1801:
* Thomas Young publishes proof of the principle of interference of light, supporting the wave theory of light.
* The first asteroid is discovered when Giuseppe Piazzi identifies Ceres on January 1, 1801.
* William Herschel shows many double stars are binaries.
* Lalande's Bibliographie astronomiquecatalogs the positions of 47,000 stars
# 1802:
* Wollaston observes dark lines in the solar spectrum
* Discovery of asteroid Pallas
# 1803:
* Hershel shows that Castor is a binary star
* Meteorite shower at l'Aigle convinces scientists that meteorites have an extraterrestrial origin.
# 1804: Discovery of asteroid Juno
# 1807 : Discovery of asteroid Vesta
# 1809 :
* Gauss, Theoria motus corporum coelestium
* French amateur astronomer Honore Flaugergues (1755-1835) observes the yellow dust clouds on Mars
# 1814: Frauenhofer begins his study of the solar spectrum
# 1820: The Royal Astronomical Society is founded.
# 1823: Frauenhofer observes the spectra of fixed stars
# 1826: Heinrich Olbers formulates "Olber's paradox"
# 1830: John Herschel invents the astrometer
# 1833: Denison Olmstead discovers shower meteors come from a common point in the sky.
# 1835: Gaspar de Coriolis discovers Coriolis effect.
# 1837: h Carinae brightens to become second brightest star.
# 1838: Friedrich Bessel makes the first measurement of the distance of a star from the Earth, calculating the distance of 61 Cygni to be approximately 6 light years away; the true value is later calculated as approximately 12 light years.
# 1839: Henderson measures the parallax of Alpha Centauri
# 1840:
* John Draper makes the first daguerreotype image of the Moon.
* German astronomers Wilhelm Beer and Johann von Madler produce a detailed map of Mars. The map establishes a Martian longitude and latitude system similar to Earth's. Beer and Madler also determine the rotational rate of Mars to be 24 hours, 37 minutes, 22.6 seconds.
# 1842: Christian Johann Doppler explains the apparent shift in frequency of sounds emitted by objects moving toward or away from an observer. (Doppler Effect)
# 1843: Samuel Heinrich Schwabe (Germany) describes the sunspot cycle.
# 1845:
* Henke begins his discoveries of the asteroids
* Adams predicts the position of Neptune
* Irish astronomer William Parsons discovers the spiral structure of the Whirlpool Galaxy.
* French physicists Jean Foucault and Armand Fizeau take the first detailed photographs of the Sun's surface through a telescope
# 1846:
* Leverrier independently predicts the position of Neptune
* The 8th planet, Neptune, is discovered by Johann Galle.
# 1849: The first US astronomical publication is instigated: the Astronomical Journal.
# 1850: William Bond takes the first photographic image of a star (Vega).
# 1851: Jean Foucault uses pendulum to demonstrate Earth rotates.
# 1859:
* Kirchoff and Bunsen develop spectral analysis
* Pogson devises the magnitude scale
* Argelander begins publishing the Bonner Durchmusterung
* James Clerk Maxwell discovers velocity distribution function for a gas.
# 1860: The beginning of spectral analysis of stars by Sir William Huggins
# 1861: Zollner invents the modern photometer
# 1862:
* William Huggins identifies chemical elements in stars.
* Dutch astronomer Frederik Kaiser (1
How can I write as elegantly as those who lived in the 1700s and 1800s?
Q. I have good penmanship - I've been complimented a great deal on my cursive writing, as I seldom use print. But, how can I get the penmanship that those who lived in the 18th and 19th centuries possessed?
I cannot take a class, as I am only a teenager, so I am busy studying for tests and such. Is there a certain book or website available?
Thank you in advance - all help is much appreciated.
I cannot take a class, as I am only a teenager, so I am busy studying for tests and such. Is there a certain book or website available?
Thank you in advance - all help is much appreciated.
Answer
Look in the library or at a bookstore for books on calligraphy.
You may need to get a special kind of pen nib that simulates the properties of goose-quills or other 18th/19th-century pens.
Look in the library or at a bookstore for books on calligraphy.
You may need to get a special kind of pen nib that simulates the properties of goose-quills or other 18th/19th-century pens.
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