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Unknownxe
Hello.
I want to cite Aristotle's "Art" of Rhetoric but a translated version. The translator's name is W. Rhys Roberts and I obtained the translated text from Great Books of the Western World, Volume 8. The ISBN is 0852295316. How do I cite this according to APA Style both in-text and in the references.
Thanks :)
Answer
the web page (below) provides Basic Format for Books
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.
Note: For "Location," you should always list the city and the state using the two letter postal abbreviation without periods (New York, NY).
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
there are more descriptions available at the web page
the web page (below) provides Basic Format for Books
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.
Note: For "Location," you should always list the city and the state using the two letter postal abbreviation without periods (New York, NY).
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
there are more descriptions available at the web page
What person or event had the greatest impact on western civilization ?
the rock
What person or event had the greatest impact on western civilization after the fall of Rome and prior to 1715?
Answer
Boy. That question would get you an argument anywhere you took it.
I thik it depends on your meaning of "greatest impact". Do you mean socially, politically, philosophically, scientifically, medically, or how it changed history after the event.? Prior to 1715 ? That might limit it slightly, because of Europe's social upheavals AFTER that date, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, etc. That means before the Industrial Revolution, which ecompasses most of the 18th and 19th century.
Was it the European discovery and settlement of the Americas? Well that is not one person or event, but a series of shifts culturally begun in that period.
If you consider that period as seminal for the later changes in the world, then it is possible you can name the turningpoint of history was the sinking of the Spanish Armada in the English Channel in 1588. Certainly, if Spain had successfully landed cross-channel, and defeated Elizabeth's ill-prepared armies, the history of the world would have changed significantly. No one can say what that would have meant to European history.
But, if I may venture a suggestion: Johannes Gutenberg and the development of the printing press fits the description of person and event that had the greatest impact in that period on western civilization.
Philosophically, it would have had to be the changes set about by the Renaissance and the humanism of politics and art, coupled with the social levellling brought about by the printing press by Gutenberg and others around 1439. When information (in the broadest sense of the word) could be disseminated cheaply and quickly by printing, philosophy, political and religious dissent, and scientific exploration was taken out of the hands of a small elite in the universities and old centers of learning, and "democratized" civilization and the arts. (For example, by 1424, Cambridge University library owned only 122 books.)One can hardly understate the effect that thousands of books had on education.
Here is what one website says:
Life magazine called the Printing Press the greatest invention in the last 1000 years.
. . .
the impact of Gutenberg's printing press in Europe was comparable to the development of writing, the invention of the alphabet or the Internet, as far as its effects on society. Just as writing did not replace speaking, printing did not achieve a position of total dominance. Handwritten manuscripts continued to be produced, and the different graphic modes of communication continued to influence each other.
The printing press was also a factor in the establishment of a community of scientists who could easily communicate their discoveries through the establishment of widely disseminated scholarly journals, helping to bring on the scientific revolution. Because of the printing press, authorship became more meaningful and profitable. It was suddenly important who had said or written what, and what the precise formulation and time of composition was. This allowed the exact citing of references, producing the rule, "One Author, one work (title), one piece of information" (Giesecke, 1989; 325). Before, the author was less important, since a copy of Aristotle made in Paris would not be exactly identical to one made in Bologna. For many works prior to the printing press, the name of the author was entirely lost.
Because the printing process ensured that the same information fell on the same pages, page numbering, tables of contents, and indices became common, though they previously had not been unknown. The process of reading was also changed, gradually changing over several centuries from oral readings to silent, private reading. The wider availability of printed materials also led to a drastic rise in the adult literacy rate throughout Europe.
Within fifty or sixty years of the invention of the printing press, the entire classical canon had been reprinted and widely promulgated throughout Europe ). Now that more people had access to knowledge both new and old, more people could discuss these works. Furthermore, now that book production was a more commercial enterprise, the first copyright laws were passed to protect what we now would call intellectual property rights. A second outgrowth of this popularization of knowledge was the decline of Latin as the language of most published works, to be replaced by the vernacular language of each area, increasing the variety of published works. Paradoxically, the printing word also helped to unify and standardize the spelling and syntax of these vernaculars, in effect 'decreasing' their variability. This rise in importance of national languages as opposed to pan-European Latin is cited as one of the causes of the rise of nationalism in Europe."
Boy. That question would get you an argument anywhere you took it.
I thik it depends on your meaning of "greatest impact". Do you mean socially, politically, philosophically, scientifically, medically, or how it changed history after the event.? Prior to 1715 ? That might limit it slightly, because of Europe's social upheavals AFTER that date, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, etc. That means before the Industrial Revolution, which ecompasses most of the 18th and 19th century.
Was it the European discovery and settlement of the Americas? Well that is not one person or event, but a series of shifts culturally begun in that period.
If you consider that period as seminal for the later changes in the world, then it is possible you can name the turningpoint of history was the sinking of the Spanish Armada in the English Channel in 1588. Certainly, if Spain had successfully landed cross-channel, and defeated Elizabeth's ill-prepared armies, the history of the world would have changed significantly. No one can say what that would have meant to European history.
But, if I may venture a suggestion: Johannes Gutenberg and the development of the printing press fits the description of person and event that had the greatest impact in that period on western civilization.
Philosophically, it would have had to be the changes set about by the Renaissance and the humanism of politics and art, coupled with the social levellling brought about by the printing press by Gutenberg and others around 1439. When information (in the broadest sense of the word) could be disseminated cheaply and quickly by printing, philosophy, political and religious dissent, and scientific exploration was taken out of the hands of a small elite in the universities and old centers of learning, and "democratized" civilization and the arts. (For example, by 1424, Cambridge University library owned only 122 books.)One can hardly understate the effect that thousands of books had on education.
Here is what one website says:
Life magazine called the Printing Press the greatest invention in the last 1000 years.
. . .
the impact of Gutenberg's printing press in Europe was comparable to the development of writing, the invention of the alphabet or the Internet, as far as its effects on society. Just as writing did not replace speaking, printing did not achieve a position of total dominance. Handwritten manuscripts continued to be produced, and the different graphic modes of communication continued to influence each other.
The printing press was also a factor in the establishment of a community of scientists who could easily communicate their discoveries through the establishment of widely disseminated scholarly journals, helping to bring on the scientific revolution. Because of the printing press, authorship became more meaningful and profitable. It was suddenly important who had said or written what, and what the precise formulation and time of composition was. This allowed the exact citing of references, producing the rule, "One Author, one work (title), one piece of information" (Giesecke, 1989; 325). Before, the author was less important, since a copy of Aristotle made in Paris would not be exactly identical to one made in Bologna. For many works prior to the printing press, the name of the author was entirely lost.
Because the printing process ensured that the same information fell on the same pages, page numbering, tables of contents, and indices became common, though they previously had not been unknown. The process of reading was also changed, gradually changing over several centuries from oral readings to silent, private reading. The wider availability of printed materials also led to a drastic rise in the adult literacy rate throughout Europe.
Within fifty or sixty years of the invention of the printing press, the entire classical canon had been reprinted and widely promulgated throughout Europe ). Now that more people had access to knowledge both new and old, more people could discuss these works. Furthermore, now that book production was a more commercial enterprise, the first copyright laws were passed to protect what we now would call intellectual property rights. A second outgrowth of this popularization of knowledge was the decline of Latin as the language of most published works, to be replaced by the vernacular language of each area, increasing the variety of published works. Paradoxically, the printing word also helped to unify and standardize the spelling and syntax of these vernaculars, in effect 'decreasing' their variability. This rise in importance of national languages as opposed to pan-European Latin is cited as one of the causes of the rise of nationalism in Europe."
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